Among the 100,000 refugees in Malaysia, many Sri Lankans are ready to risk all on a clandestine voyage into the Indian Ocean, writes Tom Allard in Kuala Lumpur.

Rameshwaren, a young Tamil asylum seeker, speaks quietly, with a painful melancholy that belies his years. "I feel castrated," he says, casting his eyes up from the floor. "All of this is unbearable. I am on the edge of a mental breakdown."

One of an estimated 100,000 refugees living precariously in Malaysia - there are 16 million recognised asylum seekers worldwide - the Sri Lankan's helplessness is a frustration felt around the world. Out of every 250 people forced to flee their countries because of war, famine and persecution, only one can expect to be resettled as a refugee this year.

This is why Rameshwaren is prepared to chance his arm and take a boat to Australia. "I can't return to Sri Lanka but there is no life for me here in Malaysia," he says. "I cannot work here legally, there is no medical [care], there is no education. I don't think that the UN will be able to resettle us. So we have to find somewhere else, we have to find some way to get there by ourselves. That is why I want to take a boat to Australia.

"It is a land of freedom. It is somewhere safe for me, my mother, my sisters and brother."

The UNHCR's deputy representative in Malaysia, Henrik Nordentoft, says there are "great difficulties" for asylum seekers in Malaysia and that the boats intercepted recently along the route between Malaysia, Indonesia and Australia are "probably the tip of the iceberg".

As the Herald reported this week, Indonesian authorities fear as many as 10,000 asylum seekers in Malaysia could take the journey in the near future.

With Afghans and Pakistanis, Sri Lankans make up an increasing share of the asylum seekers paying thousands of dollars to reach Australia. Almost 200 Sri Lankans arrived last weekend, taking a vessel direct from Malaysia to Christmas Island.

Indonesia looms large for many Australians as the staging point for boat people crossing into its territory, yet almost all of them come to Malaysia first, either flying directly to Kuala Lumpur or, more recently, landing in Singapore and heading across by boat.

For Sri Lankans, a large Tamil population here provides a community to tap into. Afghans and Pakistanis similarly find support from a considerable Middle Eastern population and, as people from Islamic countries, get relatively easy access on tourist visas.

But the other attraction is a vast network of people traffickers operating in Malaysia. In its annual survey released last month, the US State Department put Malaysia on a blacklist of 16 nations judged to be the worst for people trafficking.

Malaysia, the report said, "does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so". Moreover, there were "credible" reports that immigration officials and police were involved in the networks.

There is a long-standing, and extremely busy, trade in shipping illegal immigrants between Malaysia and Indonesia, primarily servicing the 1 million illegal Indonesians who work in Malaysia. There is a very popular route used by people smugglers from Kuala Lumpur to Indonesia, a journey that can take less than four hours.

It involves an hour-long drive to Port Klang, followed by a 30-minute ferry to Pulau Ketam, off Malaysia's west coast, that requires no immigration checks. From there, dozens of fishermen in the prosperous village will take anyone willing to pay and drop them off in Sumatra in Indonesia, less than two hours away.

Yet for all the infrastructure, many refugees find Malaysia a profoundly unwelcoming place. It does not recognise the United Nations convention for refugees and its corrupt and sometimes brutal immigration officials, police and a paramilitary civilian volunteer corps known as RELA are accused of frequently harassing migrants, even those with United Nations High Commission for Refugees cards.

It is another motivation for people to jump what is a very long queue for resettlement by the UNHCR and go to a people smuggler.

Ravindran, another Sri Lankan Tamil, says the constant harassment means he is reluctant to leave the decrepit, two-bedroom home his family shares with two other Tamil refugee families in Satapak, a suburb of Kuala Lumpur.

"When you go out, they ask to see your UNHCR card. They say they will cut the card up if you don't give them money," he says. "The police, RELA, any of the authorities will do this. They know I'm not a Malaysian Tamil. It's obvious by the way I look."

Asylum seekers, including those registered as refugees, have been thrown into prison or detention camps. There have also been cases, according to a recent US Senate report, of refugees - mostly those fleeing Burma - who have been sold to people traffickers and forced into prostitution or slave labour on fishing boats or plantations if they do not pay Malaysian authorities up to $575 for their freedom.

The Malaysian Government has said it is investigating the claims, which it initially rejected as false.

Ravindran says he has been to the Australian embassy seeking assistance. "They said it is out of their hands and go to the UNHCR. Then the UNHCR says it's out of their hands. It's a hopeless situation. I've heard about these boats [to Australia]. We would take them if we could but I don't have the money."