The recent upsurge in violence against Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar has
highlighted the regime’s complete disregard for basic human rights.
While the international conscience awakens slowly, the Muslim minority
has already suffered a colossal spell of ethnic cleansing. Accounting
for over one-third of the total population of Myanmar, 800,000 Rohingyas
are neither recognised as citizens, nor a minority. They came to Burma
in the seventh century. They have ever since settled in the western part
of the country, the Rakhine State; an area that borders the Chittagong
Hill Tracts of Bangladesh.
The latest spate of genocide has resulted in the killing of over 100 innocent people, including women and children. The main executors of these gruesome crimes were Hindu and Buddhist outfits, who otherwise portray themselves as pacifists. The Buddhist organisations that carried out these gory acts had the tacit blessing of the politico-military regime, as well as physical and logistic support of Hindu religious extremists. The horrific images and reports coming out of the conflict zone present a scenario of systemic genocide. The events were triggered by a Buddhist girl eloping with a Rohingya boy. In the wake of this innocent occurrence, the so-called peace-loving Buddhists have demonstrated that they could be as violent and gruesome as anyone else.
The UN Resolution 96(I) of 1946 states that genocide, whether committed in time of peace or war, is a crime under international law. In 2004, the then UN Secretary General, Kofi Annan, announced his ‘Action Plan to Prevent Genocide’, whereby torturing, killing, inflicting physical pain and causing mental harm to any human being or group/community fall under the category of criminal acts punishable under international law. Gross violations of human rights are no longer an inclusive domain of a state.
The Myanmar government is of the view that the Rohingyas came from India during the British Raj. Thus, the Burmese view them with hostility. They are denied fundamental rights and freedom. The military regime consistently perpetrates human rights violations against these powerless and unprotected people. They are not issued identity cards, and do not have the right to basic amenities like education, health and freedom of movement. They also do not have property ownership rights. They are denied government jobs, subjected to marriage restrictions, and liable to forced labour. They also face extortion and other coercive practices.
In January 1950, about 30,000 refugees fled from Burma to the then East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). The 1953 population census report declared 45 percent of the Rohingya population having Pakistani origin. The persecution of Rohingyas continues unabated since 1962, when General Ne Win usurped power in a coup d’état and stripped the Muslims of their Burmese citizenship and cracked down upon them mercilessly. Thousands were forced to flee to the neighbouring territories of Bangladesh, Indonesia and Thailand. However, they were turned back cruelly.
In February 2009, five boats packed with Burmese Rohingya were taken out in the high seas and abandoned to die. Four of the boats sank in a storm, while one was washed ashore; the few survivors narrated horrifying accounts of torture by the Thai authorities before being abandoned at open sea. Bangladesh has always been reluctant to accept the Rohingyas. In 1978, an agreement was signed between Dhaka and Rangoon, according to which, any Rohingya who could produce any documentary evidence of being Burmese could return. However, this did not solve the problem or stop the state-sponsored massacre in 1991.
Last week, the OIC has held a meeting in Geneva. It contemplated on sending a fact-finding delegation to Myanmar. The meeting suggested the diplomats in Rangoon to make a visit to the Rakhine State. The OIC has forwarded these decisions to the Ambassador of Myanmar in Geneva and has sent a letter to the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. The OIC Secretary General, Prof Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu, has also addressed letters to the President of Myanmar and the leader of the opposition, as well as to the UN Secretary General, Ban Ki-moon, informing them about the deteriorating situation in Myanmar and the need to act.
Earlier, the UN Human Rights Chief, Navi Pillay, had warned: “We have been receiving a stream of reports from independent sources alleging discriminatory and arbitrary responses by security forces, and even their instigation of and involvement in clashes.” In June this year, Amnesty International warned of “credible reports” of abuses - including rape and unlawful killings - by both Rakhine Buddhists and the security forces. Of more than 60,000 persons displaced as a result of the latest violence, around 53,000 are Muslims.
However, in a press conference attended by UN Special Rapporteur Tomas Ojea Quintana, Myanmar’s Foreign Minister Wunna Maung Lwin said that the government had exercised “maximum restraint” in bringing an end to the violence in western Rakhine State. “As such, Myanmar strongly rejects the accusations made by some quarters that abuses and excessive use of force were made by the authorities in dealing with the situation....... (Myanmar) totally rejects the attempts by some quarters to politicise and internationalise this situation as a religious issue.”
One expected greater compassion from the Nobel Peace Laureate, Aung San Suu Kyi. But the champion for the oppressed masses has disowned the Rohingya Muslims, categorically stating that they “should not be considered (Burmese) citizens.” Suu Kyi is not likely to flag the minority issue due to her concern for losing support of the monks, who were the largest force to stand up against the military.
Now, the issue is of options Rangoon will consider in order to deal with the crisis. Viewing it through the prism of international terrorism is a dangerous possibility. The Burmese authorities may be tempted by this option as they are trying to cosy up with the US, and the ‘terrorist twist’ could attract American sympathy and aid. Although Myanmar has been a target of terrorism, it has mainly been carried out by the Buddhist groups rather than the Muslims. Stereotyping Rohingyas as Muslim terrorist would enhance the likelihood of international terrorist networks reaching out to the Rohingyas. The United Nations should push the Myanmar government to find a political solution to the problem, while providing constitutional guarantees in the context of protecting fundamental human rights of the Rohingya Muslims.
The writer is a retired air commodore and former assistant chief of air staff of the Pakistan Air Force. At present, he is a member of the visiting faculty at the PAF Air War College, Naval War College and Quaid-i-Azam University.
Email:khalid3408@gmail.com
The latest spate of genocide has resulted in the killing of over 100 innocent people, including women and children. The main executors of these gruesome crimes were Hindu and Buddhist outfits, who otherwise portray themselves as pacifists. The Buddhist organisations that carried out these gory acts had the tacit blessing of the politico-military regime, as well as physical and logistic support of Hindu religious extremists. The horrific images and reports coming out of the conflict zone present a scenario of systemic genocide. The events were triggered by a Buddhist girl eloping with a Rohingya boy. In the wake of this innocent occurrence, the so-called peace-loving Buddhists have demonstrated that they could be as violent and gruesome as anyone else.
The UN Resolution 96(I) of 1946 states that genocide, whether committed in time of peace or war, is a crime under international law. In 2004, the then UN Secretary General, Kofi Annan, announced his ‘Action Plan to Prevent Genocide’, whereby torturing, killing, inflicting physical pain and causing mental harm to any human being or group/community fall under the category of criminal acts punishable under international law. Gross violations of human rights are no longer an inclusive domain of a state.
The Myanmar government is of the view that the Rohingyas came from India during the British Raj. Thus, the Burmese view them with hostility. They are denied fundamental rights and freedom. The military regime consistently perpetrates human rights violations against these powerless and unprotected people. They are not issued identity cards, and do not have the right to basic amenities like education, health and freedom of movement. They also do not have property ownership rights. They are denied government jobs, subjected to marriage restrictions, and liable to forced labour. They also face extortion and other coercive practices.
In January 1950, about 30,000 refugees fled from Burma to the then East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). The 1953 population census report declared 45 percent of the Rohingya population having Pakistani origin. The persecution of Rohingyas continues unabated since 1962, when General Ne Win usurped power in a coup d’état and stripped the Muslims of their Burmese citizenship and cracked down upon them mercilessly. Thousands were forced to flee to the neighbouring territories of Bangladesh, Indonesia and Thailand. However, they were turned back cruelly.
In February 2009, five boats packed with Burmese Rohingya were taken out in the high seas and abandoned to die. Four of the boats sank in a storm, while one was washed ashore; the few survivors narrated horrifying accounts of torture by the Thai authorities before being abandoned at open sea. Bangladesh has always been reluctant to accept the Rohingyas. In 1978, an agreement was signed between Dhaka and Rangoon, according to which, any Rohingya who could produce any documentary evidence of being Burmese could return. However, this did not solve the problem or stop the state-sponsored massacre in 1991.
Last week, the OIC has held a meeting in Geneva. It contemplated on sending a fact-finding delegation to Myanmar. The meeting suggested the diplomats in Rangoon to make a visit to the Rakhine State. The OIC has forwarded these decisions to the Ambassador of Myanmar in Geneva and has sent a letter to the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights. The OIC Secretary General, Prof Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu, has also addressed letters to the President of Myanmar and the leader of the opposition, as well as to the UN Secretary General, Ban Ki-moon, informing them about the deteriorating situation in Myanmar and the need to act.
Earlier, the UN Human Rights Chief, Navi Pillay, had warned: “We have been receiving a stream of reports from independent sources alleging discriminatory and arbitrary responses by security forces, and even their instigation of and involvement in clashes.” In June this year, Amnesty International warned of “credible reports” of abuses - including rape and unlawful killings - by both Rakhine Buddhists and the security forces. Of more than 60,000 persons displaced as a result of the latest violence, around 53,000 are Muslims.
However, in a press conference attended by UN Special Rapporteur Tomas Ojea Quintana, Myanmar’s Foreign Minister Wunna Maung Lwin said that the government had exercised “maximum restraint” in bringing an end to the violence in western Rakhine State. “As such, Myanmar strongly rejects the accusations made by some quarters that abuses and excessive use of force were made by the authorities in dealing with the situation....... (Myanmar) totally rejects the attempts by some quarters to politicise and internationalise this situation as a religious issue.”
One expected greater compassion from the Nobel Peace Laureate, Aung San Suu Kyi. But the champion for the oppressed masses has disowned the Rohingya Muslims, categorically stating that they “should not be considered (Burmese) citizens.” Suu Kyi is not likely to flag the minority issue due to her concern for losing support of the monks, who were the largest force to stand up against the military.
Now, the issue is of options Rangoon will consider in order to deal with the crisis. Viewing it through the prism of international terrorism is a dangerous possibility. The Burmese authorities may be tempted by this option as they are trying to cosy up with the US, and the ‘terrorist twist’ could attract American sympathy and aid. Although Myanmar has been a target of terrorism, it has mainly been carried out by the Buddhist groups rather than the Muslims. Stereotyping Rohingyas as Muslim terrorist would enhance the likelihood of international terrorist networks reaching out to the Rohingyas. The United Nations should push the Myanmar government to find a political solution to the problem, while providing constitutional guarantees in the context of protecting fundamental human rights of the Rohingya Muslims.
The writer is a retired air commodore and former assistant chief of air staff of the Pakistan Air Force. At present, he is a member of the visiting faculty at the PAF Air War College, Naval War College and Quaid-i-Azam University.
Email:khalid3408@gmail.com
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